CHRONOLOGY OF NIGERIAN DECREES - 1992

Chronology of Statutes Laws of the Federation 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

CHRONOLOGY OF NIGERIAN DECREES - 1992

Decree No.	Short Title	Commencement	Promulgation	Effect	Comments
1.	State Government (Basic Constitutional and Transitional Provisions) (Amendment) Decree	20-01-92	20-01-92	Amended Decree No.50 of 199.	Repealed by Decree No. 10 of 1993
2.	Customs, Excise Tariff, Etc (Consolidation) (Amendment) Decree	01-01-92	01-01-92	Amended Cap 88 of LFN to give concessionary duty to CKD parts
3.	National Housing Fund Decree	31-01-92	31-01-92	Established NHF
4.	State Government (Basic Constitutional and Transitional Provisions) (Amendment, Etc.) (No. 2) Decree	06-12-91	06-02-92	Allowed Governors to appoint Commissioners without recourse to State Houses of Assembly.	Repealed by Decree No. 110 of 1993
5.	Review Tribunals (Implementation of Decisions) (Amendment) Decree	01-01-92	01-01-92	Amended Cap 393 of LFN
6.	Participation in Politics and Elections (Miscellaneous Provisions) (Amendment) Decree	20-01-92	01-01-92	Amended Decree No. 48 of 1991
7.	Federal Lands Registry (Miscellaneous Provisions) Decree	14-02-92	14-02-92	Established a Federal Lands Registry
8.	Legal Education (Consolidation, Etc) (Amendment) Decree	24-02-92	24-02-92	Amended Cap 206 of LFN to allow non-Nigerians hold qualifying certificate of Council for Legal Education
9.	Legal Practitioners (Amendment) Decree	24-02-92	24-02-92	Amended Cap 207 of LFN to provide for non-citizens of Nigeria to be called to the Bar
10	Constitution of The Federal Republic of Nigeria (Promulgation) (Amendment) Decree	06-03-92	06-03-92	Amended Cap 63 of LFN to postpone commencement to 02-01-93	Repealed by Decree No 107 of 1993
11	Assets (Title Vesting and Validation) (Mr. J.H. Bassey) Decree	04-07-79	16-03-92	Validated Title of FMG over assets of Mr. J.H. Bassey
12	National Planning Commission Decree	26-03-92	26-03-92	Established the National Planning Commission	Repealed by Decree No. 71 of 1993
13	Customs, Excise, Tariff, Etc. (Miscellaneous Provisions) Decree	24-03-92	30-03-92	Granted concessions of Economic Relief Measures by FMG
14	Concord Group of Newspapers Publications (Proscription and Prohibition from Circulation) Decree	09-04-92	09-04-92	Banned and sealed up the Concord Group of Newspapers and premises	Repealed by Decree No. 17 of 1992
15	National Drug Law Enforcement Agency (Amendment) Decree	16-03-92	16-03-92	Amended Cap 253 of LFN to allow NDLEA bear arms and have powers and privileges of Nigerian Police Force
16	Federal High Court (Amendment) Decree	01-01-92	11-05-92	Amended Decree No.60 of 1991
17	Concord Group of Newspapers Publications (Proscription and Prohibition from Publication) (Repeal) Decree	11-05-92	11-05-92	Repealed Decree No.14 of 1992
18	National Assembly (Basic Constitutional and Transitional Provisions) Decree	01-06-92	01-07-92	Provided for election of members of National Assembly	Repealed by Decree No. 60 of 1993
19	Transition to Civil Rule (Political Programme) (Amendment) Decree	06-03-92	06-03-92	Amendment of sixth schedule of Cap 443 of LFN
20	Transition to Civil Rule (Federal Judicial Service Commission) Decree	12-05-92	12-05-92	Established the Federal Judicial Service Commission and repealed Section 15 of Cap 64 of LFN
21	Association of Individuals (Dissolution and Proscription, Etc) Decree	19-05-92	19-05-92	Proscribed certain bodies formed to propose candidates for election to political office	Repealed by Decree No. 63 of 1999
22	Transition to Civil Rule (Political Programme) (Amendment) (No.2) Decree	22-07-92	22-07-92	Amended Decree No. 19 of 1992 and Cap 443 of LFN to provide details of the Transition programme
23	Oil Mineral Producing Areas Development Commission Decree	09-07-92	09-07-92	Established OMPADEC	Repealed by Decree No.41 of 1998
24	Academic Staff Union of Universities (Proscription and Prohibition from Participation in Trade Union Activities) Decree	22-07-92	22-07-92	Proscribed and Prohibited ASUU from Participating in Trade Union activities	Repealed by Decree No 63. of 1999
25	Customs, Excise, Tariff, Etc (Miscellaneous Provisions) (No.2) Decree	24-03-92	26-06-92	Amended Cap 88 of LFN and Decree No.13 of 1992 to give customs duty concessions
26	National Population Commission (Amendment) Decree	30-06-92	30-06-92	Amended Cap 270 of LFN and Decree No.31 of 1991
27	Engineers (Registration, Etc.) (Amendment) Decree	26-06-92	26-06-92	Amended Cap 110 of LFN to create 3 additional cadres in the Engineering profession
28	Appropriation Decree	20-08-92	20-08-92	Provided for issue of funds from Consolidated Revenue Fund
29	National Primary Health Care Development Agency Decree	26-06-92	26-06-92	Established National Primary Health Care Development Agency
30	National Archives Decree	08-07-92	08-07-92	Repealed Cap 376 of LFN
31	National Institute for Sports Decree	08-07-92	08-07-92	Established N.I.S.
32	State Government (Basic Constitutional and Transitional Provisions) (Amendment) (No. 3) Decree	09-07-92	09-07-92	Amended Decree No.50 of 1991 to limit number of Commissioners to 7	Repealed by Decree No 10 of 1993
33	National Agency for Science and Engineering Infrastructure Decree	01-01-92	13-07-92	Established NASEI and programmes towards National Science and Technology Policy
34	Nnamdi Azikiwe University Decree	15-07-92	15-07-92	Provided for FMG take-over of the University in Awka, Anambra State
35	Federal Road Safety Commission (Amendment) Decree	26-06-92	26-26-92	Amended Cap 141 of LFN to vest special powers to bear arms in FRSC members.
36	National Assembly (Basic Constitutional and Transitional Provisions)(Amendment) Decree	31-08-92	31-08-92	Amended Decree No.18 of 1991 to provide quorum of Election Tribunals	Repealed by Decree No 60 of 1993
37	Presidential Primary Elections (Basic Transitional Provisions) Decree	24-08-92	24-08-92	Provided for conduct of Presidential Primaries
38	National Broadcasting Commission Decree	24-08-92	24-08-92	Established NBC
39	Forfeiture of Assets (Release of Certain Forfeited Properties, Etc) Decree	14-09-92	14-09-92	Released forfeited properties back to Mr. Edwin K. Clark
40	Companies and Allied Matters (Amendment) Decree	02-07-92	02-07-92	Amended Cap 59 of LFN
41	Nigerian Postal Service Decree	01-07-92	27-09-92	Repealed Cap 322 of LFN
42	National Commission for Women Decree	07-12-89	21-08-92	Repealed Cap 246 of LFN and re-enacted a new Decree
43	Civil Disturbances (Special Tribunal) (Amendment) Decree	26-05-92	26-05-92	Amended Section 2 of Cap 53 of LFN
44	National Assembly (Basic Constitutional and Transitional Provisions) (Amendment) (No. 2) Decree	24-11-92	24-11-92	Amended Decree No.18 of 1992	Repealed by Decree No 63 of 1990
45	Board of Customs and Excise Decree	01-06-92	01-06-92	Established Board of Customs and Excise	Amended by Decree No 99 of 1993
46	Community Banks Decree	28-04-90	04-06-92	Established National Board for Community Banks
47	Trade Disputes (Amendment) Decree	01-01-92	29-10-92	Amended Cap 432 of LFN to oust jurisdiction of courts
48	Federal Universities of Agriculture Decree	02-11-92	02-11-92	Established Universities of Agriculture
49	National Steel Raw Materials Exploration Agency Decree	14-09-92	14-09-92	Established NSRMEA
50	National Metallurgical Development Centre Decree	27-09-92	27-09-92	Established NMDC
51	Urban Development Bank of Nigeria Decree	02-01-92	11-01-92	Established Urban Development Bank of Nigeria PLC
52	Transition to Civil Rule (Political Programme) (Amendment) (No.3) Decree	17-11-92	02-12-92	Further Amended No.17 of 1987 – Cap of LFN to provide another revised transition programme
53	National Assembly (Basic Constitutional and Transitional Provisions) (Amendment) Decree	02-12-92	02-12-92	Amended Decree No.18 of 1992 to provide for legislative functions of National Assembly	Repealed by Decree No. 60 of 1993
54	Constitution (Suspension and Modification) (Amendment) Decree	02-01-93	02-12-92	Amended Decree No.1 of 1984
55	Revised Edition (Laws of the Federation of Nigeria ) (Supplementary Provisions) Decree	30-07-91	01-12-92	All laws to be continued to be referred to as Decrees
56	Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria (Promulgation) (Amendment) (No.2) Decree	17-11-92	27-11-92	Amended Cap 63 of LFN
57	Transition to Civil Rule (Disqualification and Prohibition of Certain Presidential Aspirants) Decree	17-11-92	24-11-92	Banned and disqualified certain Presidential aspirants	Repealed by Decree No.42 of 1993
58	Institute of Personnel Management of Nigeria Decree	23-11-92	23-11-92	Established IPMN
59	Federal Environmental Protection Agency (Amendment) Decree	02-08-92	02-08-92	Amended Cap 131 of LFN
60	Centre for Democratic Studies Decree	24-11-92	24-11-92	Established CDS	Repealed by Decree No.14 of 1996
61	Community Health Practitioners (Registration, Etc.) Decree	24-11-92	24-11-92	Established Board of control of practice of Profession of Community Health
62	Insurance Special Supervision Fund (Amendment) Decree	23-11-92	23-11-92	Amended Cap 184 of LFN	Repealed by Decree No. 1 of 1997
63	Nigeria Export Processing Zones Decree	19-11-92	19-11-92	Repealed Decree No.34 of 1991
64	Nigerian Export Promotions Council (Amendment) Decree	19-11-92	19-11-92	Amended Cap 306 of LFN
65	Export (Incentives and Miscellaneous Provisions)(Amendment) Decree	19-11-92	19-11-92	Amended Cap 118 of LFN
66	Consumer Protection Council Decree	23-11-92	23-11-92	Established CPC
67	Trade Malpractices (Miscellaneous Offences) Decree	23-11-92	23-11-92	Set up Special Trade Malpractices Investigation Panel
68	Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital Decree	10-09-92	10-09-92	Renamed Anambra State University of Technology Hospital Management Board
69	Births, Deaths, Etc. (Compulsory Registration) Decree	14-12-92	14-12-92	Provided for a comprehensive procedure for the registration of births, deaths etc.
70	Forfeiture of Assets (Release of Certain Forfeited Properties,Etc.) Decree	23-11-92	23-11-92	Released forfeited properties to Dr. A.A. Bailey
71	Sea Fisheries Decree	30-11-92	30-11-92	Repealed Cap 404 of LFN
72	National Agricultural Seeds Decree	23-11-92	23-11-92	Established NASC
73	Constitution (Suspension and Modification) (Amendment) (No.3) Decree	10-10-92	10-10-92	Amended Cap 62 of LFN to allow Dual Nationality
74	Maritime Operations Co-ordinating Board Decree	24-11-92	24-11-92	Established MOCB for effective control of Nigerian Maritime operations
75	Nigerian Communications Commission Decree	24-11-92	24-11-92	Established NCC and regulatory body for Telecommunications
76	Chartered Institute of Taxation of Nigeria Decree	30-11-92	30-11-92	Established CITN to determine standards of proposed members of CITN etc
77	Legal Practitioners (Amendment) (No.2) Decree	14-09-92	14-09-92	Amended Cap 207 of LFN and Decree No.9 of 1992 to limit privileges conferred on Life members of Body of Benchers
78	Medical and Dental Practitioners (Amendment) Decree	30-09-92	30-09-92	Amended Cap 221 of LFN to allow MDPC to control homeopathy and alternative medicine
79	Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University Bauchi Decree	01-01-88	18-11-92	Established ATBU Bauchi
80	Customs, Excise, Tariff, Etc (Consolidation) (Amendment) (No.2) Decree	01-01-92	01-01-92	Amended Decree No.1 of 1988, and gave duty reductions
81	Nigerian Tourism Development Corporation Decree	14-12-92	14-12-92	Established NTDC
82	National Office of Industrial Property (Change of Name, Etc.) Decree	19-06-91	30-11-92	Redesignated NOIP as NOTAP
83	Nursing and Midwifery (Registration, Etc) (Amendment) Decree	30-11-92	30-11-92	Amended Cap 332 of LFN
84	Armed Forces (Certain Rented Accommodation) (Enforcement and Validation) Decree	01-12-92	01-12-92
85	Nigerian Press Council Decree	10-12-92	10-12-92	Established NPC and Repealed Decree No.59 of 1988 – (Cap 316 of LFN)
86	Environmental Impact Assessment Decree	10-12-92	10-12-92	Set out procedure and methods for EIA and gave FEPA powers to facilitate EIA
87	News Agency of Nigeria (Amendment) Decree	10-12-92	10-12-92	Amended Cap 290 of LFN
88	Nigerian Urban and Regional Planning Decree	15-12-92	15-10-92	Established Urban and Regional Planning Authorities.Repealed Town and Country Planning Act
89	National Council on Inter-Governmental Relations Decree	15-12-92	15-12-92	Established NCIR to monitor operation of Federal System	Repealed by Decree No.15 of 1996
90	Fertilizer (Control) Decree	15-12-92	15-12-92	Controlled sale of fertilizer
91	Pharmacists Council of Nigeria Decree	15-12-92	15-12-92	Established PCN
92	National Agricultural Land Development Authority Decree	07-05-92	15-12-92	Established NALDA
93	Advertising Practitioners (Registration, Etc) (Amendment) Decree	15-12-92	15-12-92	Amended Cap 7 of LFN
94	Constitution (Suspension and Modification) (Amendment) (No.2) Decree	28-12-92	28-12-92	Amended Decrees No.1 of 1984 and No.54 of 1992	Superseded by Decree No 107 of 1993
95	Constitution (Suspension and Modification) (Amendment) (No.4) Decree	28-12-92	28-12-92	Amended Decrees No.1 of 1984 and No.54 of 1992	Superseded by Decree No 107 of 1993
96	Nigerian National Merit Award Decree	28-12-92	28-12-92	Repealed Cap 319 of LFN and specifies privileges of recipients of NMA
97	National Committee Against Apartheid Decree	28-12-92	28-12-92	Repealed Cap 409 of LFN established NCAA to replace Southern Africa Relief Fund	Repealed by Decree No.23 of 1995
98	Copyright (Amendment) Decree	28-12-92	28-12-92	Amended Cap 68 of LFN
99	Counterfeit and Fake Drugs (Miscellaneous Provisions) (Amendment) Decree	30-12-92	30-12-92	Amended Cap 73 of LFN	Repealed by Decree No 25 of 1999
100	Institute of Public Analysts of Nigeria Decree	30-12-92	30-12-92	Established IPAN
101	Nigerian Football Association Decree	12-05-92	30-12-92	Established NFA and repealed NFA Decree No.10 of 1990
102	Nigerian Professional Football League (Repeal, Etc) Decree	30-12-92	30-12-92	Repealed NFA Decree No.11 of 1990 and dissolved Nigerian Professional Football league
103	Chartered Institute of Administration Decree	30-12-92	30-12-92	Established Chartered Institute of Administration
104	Utilities Charges Commission Decree	30-12-92	30-12-92	Established UCC
105	Chartered Institute of Stockbrokers Decree	02-08-92	02-08-92	Established the Chartered Institute of Stockbrokers
106	University of Abuja Decree	01-01-88	31-12-92	Establishment, Incorporation and due administration of University of Abuja
107	Centre for Automative Design and Development Decree	10-07-92
108	Inland Fishries Decree	28-12-92
109	Bankruptcy Amendment Decree	28-12-92

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Chronology of Nigerian Statutes

 

Bribery

April 9, 2007

In a recent article in the Financial Times, columnist and legal counsel Patti Walmeir says that: “for decades bribery has just been just another cost of doing business” and that “more companies are now finding that what previously seemed like harmless acts of foreign palm-greasing can cost millions.”

The French company, Total, the world largest oil company is under investigation both in France and in the U.S. for bribing foreign officials and individuals.

The same is true for the German company Siemens, one of the world’s largest electrical and telecommunication company. (Ranked 22 on Fortune Global 500 companies)

What is bribery?

Most likely we were all offered bribes in the earliest part of our lives by…..our parents!

Some say that bribery is a parent’s best tool. Offering child a treat in exchange for induced good behavior does qualify as a bribe.

A bribe is a gift given with the intention to change the behavior of the person in a way that is not consistent with his or her responsibilities.

There is a difference between bribery and extortion. A bribe is offered to obtain a favor but an extortion is a demand made under threat.

Rabbi Asher Meir thinks that there is a difference, (at least a moral difference) between a bribe given to expedite an action that the person would take anyway and one which he or she would not.  It is one thing to bribe a building inspector to expedite the delivery of a permit if the building is in conformity with the building code. It is quite another matter to bribe a building inspector to grant a permit when the building is not in comformity with the code.

Others have a more absolute view.   

The U.S. Government has a clear, comprehensive definition! More than 30 years ago, in 1997, Congress passed the Foreign Corrupt Practice Act (FCPA) that covers every U.S. company or any company that does business in the U.S.

Bribery violates justice and fairness. It also damages trust. As John Jay Hooker said:

“But there will be no justice, there will be no government of the people, by the people, and for the people, as long as the government and its officials permit bribery in any form. “

Can Ethics Be Taught?

Developed by Manuel Velasquez, Claire Andre, Thomas Shanks, S.J., and Michael J. Meyer

In a recent editorial, the Wall Street Journal announced that ethics courses are useless because ethics can't be taught. Although few people would turn to the Wall Street Journal as a learned expert on the teaching of ethics, the issue raised by the newspaper is a serious one: Can ethics be taught?

The issue is an old one. Almost 2500 years ago, the philosopher Socrates debated the question with his fellow Athenians. Socrates' position was clear: Ethics consists of knowing what we ought to do, and such knowledge can be taught.

Most psychologists today would agree with Socrates. In an overview of contemporary research in the field of moral development, psychologist James Rest summarized the major findings as follows:

• Dramatic changes occur in young adults in their 20s and 30s in terms of the basic problem-solving strategies they use to deal with ethical issues.
  
  
• These changes are linked to fundamental changes in how a person perceives society and his or her role in society.
  
  
• The extent to which change occurs is associated with the number of years of formal educaton (college or professional school).
  
  
• Deliberate educational attempts (formal curriculum) to influence awareness of moral problems and to influence the reasoning or judgement process have been demonstrated to be effective.
  
  
• Studies indicate that a person's behavior is influenced by his or her moral perception and moral judgements.
  

Much of the research that Rest alludes to was carried on by the late Harvard psychologist, Lawrence Kohlberg. Kohlberg was one of the first people to look seriously at whether a person's ability to deal with ethical issues can develop in later life and whether education can affect that development.

Kohlberg found that a person's ability to deal with moral issues is not formed all at once. Just as there are stages of growth in physical development, the ability to think morally also develops in stages.

The earliest level of moral development is that of the child, which Kohlberg called the preconventional level. The person at the preconventional level defines right and wrong in terms of what authority figures say is right or wrong or in terms of what results in rewards and punishments. Any parent can verify this. Ask the four or five year old why stealing is wrong, and chances are that they'll respond: "Because daddy or mommy says it's wrong" or "Because you get spanked if you steal." Some people stay at this level all of their lives, continuing to define right and wrong in terms of what authorities say or in terms of reaping rewards or avoiding unpleasant consequences.

The second level of moral development is the level most adolescents reach. Kohlberg called this the conventional level. The adolescent at the conventional level has internalized the norms of those groups among whom he or she lives. For the adolescent, right and wrong are based on group loyalties: loyalties to one's family, loyalties to one's friends, or loyalty to one's nation. If you ask adolescents at this level why something is wrong or why it is right, they will tend to answer in terms of what their families have taught her, what their friends think, or what Americans believe. Many people remain at this level, continuing to define right and wrong in terms of what society believes or what laws require.

But if a person continues to develop morally, he or she will reach what Kohlberg labeled the postconventional level. The person at the postconventional level stops defining right and wrong in terms of group loyalties or norms. Instead, the adult at this level develops moral principles that define right and wrong from a universal point of view. The moral principles of the postconventional person are principles that would appeal to any reasonable person because they take everyone's interest into account. If you ask a person at the postconventional level why something is right or wrong, she will appeal to what promotes or doesn't promote the universal ideals of justice or human rights or human welfare.

Many factors can stimulate a person's growth through the three levels of moral development. One of the most crucial factors, Kohlberg found, is education. Kohlberg discovered that when his subjects took courses in ethics and these courses challenged them to look at issues from a universal point of view, they tended to move upward through the levels. This finding, as Rest points out, has been repeatedly supported by other researchers.

Can ethics be taught? If you look at the hard evidence psychologists have amassed, the answer is yes. If you read the Wall Street Journal, you wouldn't have thought so.

This article appeared originally in Issues in Ethics V1 N1 (Fall 1987)